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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece. Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.〔(World Council of Churches: Church of Greece ). Retrieved: 28 November 2013.〕 By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.〔 Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".〔Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens. ''(Address to the Conference organised by the Synodal Committee on European Issues, entitled “Islam: the extent of the problematics” ).'' Holy Monastery of Penteli, Attica, 12/5/2007.〕〔Demetrios Constantelos. ''(Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek Orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study ).'' Archives of Suicide Research, Volume 8, No 1, 2004. (Myriobiblos Library).〕 The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous. The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.〔Charalambos K. Papastathis and Nikos Maghioros. ''"(Greece: A Faithful Orthodox Christian State. THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC )."'' In: Javier Martínez-Torrón and W. Cole Durham, Jr.. Religion and the Secular State: National Reports (Issued for the occasion of the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, D.C., July 2010). Published by: Complutense Universidad de Madrid, in cooperation with The International Center for Law and Religion Studies, Brigham Young University. July 2014. pp. 339-340.〕 In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.〔The Globe and Mail (Canada's National Newspaper). ''"Orthodox Church at Crossroads."'' 10 November 1995. p. A14.〕 The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.〔Victor Roudometof. ''Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Disputes. Report.'' Sociology of Religion. Vol. 69 No. 1. 22 March 2008. Pg. 67(25). ISSN: 1069-4404.〕〔"Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."〕 The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.〔 The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.〔U.S. Department of State. ''(International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Greece ).'' Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2012.〕 Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.〔 The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),〔''"Greece."'' D&B Country Riskline Reports (News). May 2013.〕 of which 95%〔 ''"(Η θρησκευτική πίστη.‘Ανήκετε σε κάποια θρησκεία, και αν ναι, σε ποια; )"'' Πανελλαδική Έρευνα Metron Forum. 29 Δεκεμβρίου 2011. σελ. 50.〕 to 98%〔''"(Europe: Greece )."'' CIA – The World Factbook. Page last updated on 7 May 2013. Retrieved: 21 May 2013.〕 are Greek Orthodox. ==Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)== (詳細はOrthodox Church in the establishment of the modern Greek nation-state. According to this view, the Church, in the role of a latter-day Noah's Ark, saved the Greek nation in the centuries of the Turkish and Western 'deluge' following the fall of the eastern Roman empire in 1453. The Orthodox Church, by protecting the true faith against both Muslim and Latin temporal princes in the centuries of foreign rule, preserved Greek identity and kept the Greek nation from being assimilated by the nations of its foreign rulers. According to the same view, the Orthodox Church welcomed the Greek War of Independence in 1821 and blessed the arms of the Greek insurgents. Indeed, many Orthodox prelates assumed a leading role in insurgent Greece and played an important part not only in ecclesiastical but also in political and military matters. Following Independence, a Latin prince and his Western advisers severed the links that had united the Church of Greece with the Ecumenical Patriarchate and placed the Church under the authority of his temporal power."〔Giannēs Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremēs. ''(Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1831 to the Present ).'' NYU Press, 2002. p. 142. ISBN 9780814747674〕'' *1821 Greek War of Independence begins as Metr. Germanos of Patras declares Greek independence on Day of Annunciation (25 March), also Kyrio-Pascha,〔Hieromonk Cassian. ''(A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar - Ch. 9: Liturgical Havoc Wreaked by the "New Julian" Calendar ).'' Eds. Archbishop Chrysostomos and Hieromonk Gregory. Etna, CA: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 1998. Retrieved: 12 July 2013.〕〔From antiquity the Orthodox Church has celebrated with special liturgical joy the occurrence when Pascha falls on 25 March (Old Style) - the Feast of the Annunciation, calling it ''"Kyriopascha,"'' "the Lord's Pascha". It was precisely on the coincidence of the Feasts of the Annunciation and Pascha on 25 March 1821 (Old Style), that Greece challenged the Turkish Yoke. Kyriopascha has also manifested its miraculous Grace to our own generation by its most recent occurrence in 1991, the year of the demise of Communism in Russia, a demise which, furthermore, was finalized by a last, desperate gasp in the form of an abortive Communist coup thwarted on 6 August (Old Style)–the Feast of the Transfiguration. The last Kyriopascha on the Julian calendar was in 1991; the next will be in 2075, 2086 and 2159. The last Kyriopascha on the Gregorian Calendar was in 1951, and the next will be in 2035, 2046 and 2103.〕 at the Monastery of Agia Lavra, Peloponnese; martyrdom of Patr. Gregory V of Constantinople,〔''"(Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Gregory V )."'' Ec-patr.org. Retrieved 23 September 2012.〕 Abp. Kyprianos of Cyprus,〔"(Cyprus brief historical survey )". Kypros.org. Retrieved 23 September 2012.〕 and Abp. Gerasimos (Pardalis) of Crete〔Dr. Detorakis, Theocharis. ''"(Brief Historical Review of the Holy Archdiocese of Crete )."'' University of Crete (Orthodox Research Institute). Retrieved 23 September 2012.〕 in retaliation; former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI of Constantinople (1813–18) is hanged at the gate of Adrianople's cathedral;〔 "(Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Cyril VI )". Ec-patr.org. Retrieved 23 September 2012.〕 Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, and Joseph of Thessaloniki are decapitated on the Sultan's orders in Constantinople;〔 ''"(University of Athens – Επίτομο Λεξικό της Ελληνικής Ιστορίας )".'' Phys.uoa.gr. 16 September 1960. Retrieved 2012-09-23.〕 Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia are executed in Nicosia, Cyprus;〔 Turkish Cypriot mobs hang most of the Greek Cypriots in Larnaca and other towns, among them an archbishop, five bishops, thirty six ecclesiastics;〔 Claude Delaval Cobham. ''(Exerpta Cypria ).'' Cambridge University Press (1908) pp. 454-455.〕 storming of Tripolitza, marking an early victory in the Greek War of Independence;〔Spencer C. Tucker (Ed.). ''(A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ).'' ISBN 1851096671, p. 1139.〕 liberation fighters started calling themselves "''Hellenes''" (for continuity with their ancient Hellenic heritage), rather than using the generic "''Romioi''" (Ρωμιοί, which referred to both their Roman citizenship and religious affiliation to Orthodox Christendom);〔 Ioannes Philemon. ''"Historical Essay on the Greek Revolution".'' Vol.2, pp.79. ((Ιωάννης Φιλήμων. Δοκίμιον ιστορικόν περί της ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως. T.2, Αθήνα 1859 ).)〕〔Ioannis Kakrides. ''"Ancient Greeks and Greeks of 1821". Thessalonike, 1956.〕 death of Nikephoros of Chios.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Νικηφόρος ἐκ Χίου ).'' 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Nicephorus of Chios ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 *1822 Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted on 1 January by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, stating that ''"all those indigenous inhabitants of the State of Hellas who believe in Christ are Hellenes"'' (''Section B, Paragraph 2'');〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p.9.〕 the Chios massacre takes place, a total of about 100,000 people perish;〔Dadrian, Vahakn N. ''Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict.'' New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1999. p.153.〕 decisive Greek victory at the Battle of Dervenakia over the superior forces of Mahmud Dramali Pasha saved the War of Independence;〔Dakin, Douglas (''The Greek Struggle for Independence, 1821-1833 )''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (''Excerpts from Chapter 3 - The campaigns of 1822 & 1823'').〕 English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes the verse drama ''Hellas'' with a view to raising money for the Greek War of Independence.〔Ian Ousby. ''The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English.'' Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-44086-6.〕 *1823 Wonderworking Icon of Panagia Evangelistria found on Tinos, led by a vision from Saint Pelagia of Tinos (†1834),〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ἡ Ἁγία Πελαγία ἡ Τηνία ).'' 23 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(July 23/August 5 ).'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).〕 becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece at the Church of Evangelistria; martyrdom of Hieromonk Christos of Ioannina;〔François Pouqueville. ''"Martyrdom of Hieromonk Christos of Ioannina."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.262–263.〕 Lord Byron agreed to act as agent of the London Philhellenic Committee, sending £4,000 of his own money to prepare the Greek fleet and joining statesman Alexandros Mavrokordatos, revered in Greece as a national hero.〔''"Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1824 Inspired by Philhellenist Lord Byron, American physician Samuel Gridley Howe joined the Greek army as a surgeon, becoming known for his bravery, enthusiasm, and ability as a commander, as well as his humanity, winning him the title the ''"Lafayette of the Greek Revolution,"'' later writing an account of the revolt titled ''Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution'', published in 1828.〔Richards, Laura E. (Howe). ''Letters and Journals of Samuel Gridley Howe.'' p. 13. Boston: Dana Estes & Company, 1909. p. 278.〕 *1825 Archimandrite Gregorios Dikaios ("Papaflessas") is killed during the Battle of Maniaki on 20 June, fighting against the forces of Ibrahim Pasha at Maniaki, Messenia.〔Efthymios Tsiliopoulos. ''(Papaflessas stirs revolution ).'' Athens News. 28 December 2007 12:12 am.〕 *1826 The Exodus of Messolonghi (Greek: Έξοδος του Μεσολογγίου) occurred from April 10-11, 1826 (Lazarus Saturday - Palm Sunday),〔''( Calendar for year 1826 (Greece) ).'' TimeandDate.com. Retrieved: 13 September, 2014.〕 under the leadership of Notis Botsaris, Kitsos Tzavelas and Dimitrios Makris, against the Ottoman forces of Reşid Mehmed Pasha and the Egyptian forces led by Ibrāhīm Pasha, resulting in several thousand Greek deaths and thousands of women and children being enslaved, ultimately increasing the Philhellenist movement in Europe and having a significant influence on the eventual decision of Britain, France and Russia to intervene militarily in the Battle of Navarino (1827) and secure Greece's independence. *1827 Russia, Britain and France in London recognize autonomy of Greece, and agree to force truce on Ottoman Sultan;〔''TODAY IN HISTORY: 6 JULY.'' AAP NEWSFEED. 3 July 1998.〕 Ioannis Kapodistrias is elected provisional president of Greece (Governor of Greece).〔''"Kapodístrias, Ioánnis Antónios, Count."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1828 In May Patriarch Agathangelos I dispatched a mission of four very senior prelates from the patriarchal synod to Greece bringing letters addressed to '' 'the clergy and notables of the Peloponnese and the Aegean Islands','' whereby they were asked to resubmit to the Sublime Porte;〔Michael Angold (Ed.). ''The Cambridge History of Christianity. Volume 5: Eastern Christianity.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233. ISBN 9780521811132〕 Greek church opened in London (2nd time).〔''(Timeline of the History of the Greek Church ).'' Anagnosis Books, Deliyianni 3, Marousi 15122, Greece. Retrieved 25 April 2013.〕 *1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state,〔John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton. ''The Cambridge Modern History.'' Macmillan & Co., 1907. p.202.〕 after over 600 years of foreign occupation (around 250 years of Frankish occupation and 375 years of Ottoman Turkish occupation). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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